Clinical manifestations
Clinical reference
Clinical manifestations
Problem-based nephrology pathways for outpatient clinics, inpatient consults and on-call decision-making. Start with the clinical problem, then use guidelines and handbook chapters as the source layer.
Acute kidney injury
Initial triage, staging, obstruction, intrinsic renal disease and urgent dialysis indications.
Open pathway →Chronic kidney disease
CGA risk classification, progression, cardio-renal protection and complications.
Open pathway →Proteinuria
Albumin versus non-albumin proteinuria, glomerular/tubular/overflow patterns and biopsy triggers.
Open pathway →Hematuria
Confirm true hematuria, identify glomerular sediment and assess urologic risk.
Open pathway →Nephrotic syndrome
Recognize phenotype, complications, initial workup and biopsy-oriented differential diagnosis.
Open pathway →Glomerulonephritis
Nephritic presentations, complement patterns, serology and RPGN escalation.
Open pathway →Thrombotic microangiopathy
MAHA, thrombocytopenia, kidney injury, TTP/aHUS and secondary TMA triage.
Open pathway →Fluid imbalance
Volume depletion, volume overload, dehydration and dialysis volume principles.
Open pathway →Polyuria & diabetes insipidus
Osmotic diuresis, primary polydipsia, central DI and nephrogenic DI.
Open pathway →Hypotension & shock
Renal hypoperfusion, vasopressors, septic shock and RRT in shock.
Open pathway →Urinary symptoms
Urine color, reduced output, retention, nocturia, LUTS and incontinence.
Open pathway →Urine studies
Dipstick, microscopy, fractional excretions and urine electrolyte interpretation.
Open pathway →Renal function assessment
Creatinine, cystatin C, measured GFR, CrCl and renal function in AKI.
Open pathway →Imaging
Ultrasound, CT, MRI, radionuclide scans and imaging selection.
Open pathway →Renal biopsy
Indications, preparation, contraindications, complications and post-biopsy care.
Open pathway →Renal pathology
LM, IF, EM and common glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury patterns.
Open pathway →Renal genetics
Testing modalities, interpretation, counseling and inherited kidney disease clues.
Open pathway →Nutrition in kidney disease
Sodium, protein, potassium, phosphate, fluids and protein-energy wasting.
Open pathway →